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新概念英语第一册语法知识点之情态动词的使用

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新概念英语第一册语法知识点之情态动词的使用

can, must, may, might, need

情态动词can(能够), must(必须), may(可以)

结构:主语+can/must/may+动词原型

He can make the tea.

Sally can air the room.

We can speak English.

★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首

Can he make the tea?

Can Sally air the room?

Can we speak English?

★变否定句在情态动词后面加not

He cannot make the tea.

Sally cannot air the room.

We cannot speak English.

★肯定回答及否定回答

Yes, he can. No, he cannot.

Yes, she can. No, she cannot.

Yes, we can. No, we cannot.

★特殊疑问句:

What can you do?

(必背)

注意:情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化,不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。

1)Must/have to的区别

must 表示必须,是主观上觉得应该做,have to是不得不,是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做

must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里,而have to do可以用在任何时态

2)must, may, might表示猜测:

must do 表示对现在事实的猜测

must have done表示对过去事实的猜测

must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测

may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测,might的可能性更小。

can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能

新概念第一册语法讲解:一般现在时

1、含有be动词的句子

He is a teacher.

The girl is very beautiful.

Tim and Jack are students.

★变疑问句将be动词移到句首

Is he a teacher?

Is the girl very beautiful?

Are Tim and Jack students?

★变否定句在be动词后面加not

He is not a teacher.

The girl is not very beautiful.

Tim and Jack are not students.

★肯定回答及否定回答

Yes, he is. / No, he is not.

Yes, she is. / No, she is not.

Yes, they are. / No, they are not.

2、不含有be动词的句子,即含有一般动词的句子。

(1)第三人称单数及单数名词

He likes books.

She likes him.

The dog likes bones.

★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型

Does he like books?

Does she like him?

Does the dog like bones?

★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn't, 动词变为原型,原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。

He doesn't like books.

She doesn't like him.

The dog doesn't like bones.

★肯定回答及否定回答:

Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't

Yes, it does. / No, it doesn't.

注意:第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S,不要和名词复数混淆,变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。

(2)其他人称及复数名词

I want to have a bath.

We have some meat.

The students like smart teachers.

★变疑问句在句首加do

Do you want to have a bath?

Do we have any meat?

Do the students like smart teachers?

★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don't.

You don't want to have a bath.

We don't have any meat.

The students don't like smart teachers.

★肯定回答及否定回答

Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

Yes, we do. / No, we don't

Yes, they do. / No, they don't.

新概念第一册语法讲解:现在完成时

现在完成时

构成:主语+助动词have, has+过去分词

用法:

1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作,常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用。

I have just had lunch. (饱了,不用再吃了。)

He has had a cup of tea.(不渴了,不用再喝。)

They have already had their holiday. (不能再度假了。)

The boy has already read the book. (已经知道书的内容了,不用再看了。)

2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时:

Have you finished your homework?

Have you been to Beijing?

Have he seen the film?

3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作

I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.

I have worked for this school for 1 year.

4) 表示一种经历,经验:去过…地方,做过…事情,经历过…事情

I have never had a bath.

I have never seen a film.

I have never been to cinema.

I have ever been to Paris.

Have been to表示去过,have gone to 表示去了

I have been to London.(人已经回来)

He has gone to London.(人还在那里)

5) 表示一种结果, 一般不和时间副词联用

I have lost my pen.

I have hurt myself.

He has become a teacher.

She has broken my heart.

句型变化:

★变疑问句将助动词移到句首,变否定句在助动词后面加not.

Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.

★肯定回答及否定回答

Yes, I have. / No, I have not.

★特殊疑问句

What have you done?

What has he done?

一般过去时与现在完成时的区别:

凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。

注意:有些动词表示的动作有一个终点,不能再延续,因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用。

错:I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.

对:I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.

新概念英语第一册语法知识点:定语从句

定语从句

1.了解定语从句的构成,首先应了解一些相关的基本概念。

a.被修饰的名词等成分通常叫做先行词;b.连接先行词和定语从句的词为关系词。

2.定语从句由关系代词、关系副词和关系限定词三类关系词连接而成,这三种也将在定语从句讲解中一一说明。

定语从句讲解关系词的具体用法

1.关系代词 which,who,whom,that 和 as

2.关系代词,顾名思义,必有代替对象。上述五个关系代词各有其具体指代对象,在从句中作相应的成分。此外,它们引导的定语从句和先行词是形容词与名词的修饰关系。

例句及翻译

例句1:

Pumas are large,cat-like animals( that/which are found in America.)

【译文】美洲狮是体形似猫的大型动物,产于美洲。

【注解】关系代词作从句主语,不可省略。

例句2:

The house (that/which we built last year) is very attractive.

【译文】我们去年建造的房子很讨人喜欢。

【注解】关系代词作从句宾语,可省略。

例句3:

The novel (with/which most of you are familiar) has been adapted for the

screen.

【译文】你们大多数都很熟悉的那部小说已被改编搬上了荧屏。

【注解】关系代词直接置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被that替换,也不可省略。

例句4:

He was no longer the reckless young man( that/which he was two years

ago).

【译文】他不再是两年前那个莽撞的小伙子了。

【注解】关系代词作从句表语,可省略;此外,先行词the young man代表一种状态,属物的范畴,不能用who来引导定语从句。

例句5:

Migrant workers(to whom much more attention has been paid) strongly desire

that their wages should be duly paid.

【译文】现在民工受到了社会更大的关注,他们强烈渴望自己的工资能够及时发放。

【注解】关系代词直接置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被who替换,也不可省略。

例句6:

Such accommodations(as they could find) were generally expensive.

【译文】他们能够找到的这些住所费用往往比较昂贵。

【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。

例句7:

Such inns(as there were in the mountains) were generally poor.

【译文】这些山区里的酒馆条件往往比较糟糕。

【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。   例句8:

This is the same mosquito(as bit you just now).

【译文】这只蚊子和刚才咬你的那只是同一种蚊子。

【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有the same之故。

定语从句讲解小结:

(1)一般来讲,which和that用来替代指物的先行词,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语

(that不能作介词后面的宾语);who替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中作主语或宾语(但不能

作介词后面的宾语);whom是who的宾格形式,替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中只能作宾 语;as作为关系代词,只能用于一些特殊搭配(such... as/the

same... as)。

(2)that既可指物也可指人,但在当代英语中,多指物。

(3)当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语或表语时,经常可省略,但当which,whom 紧跟在介词后则不可省略。

例如:

Is that the man(with whom you are going to set up a law firm)?

Is that the man(who/whom)(you are going to set up a law firm with)?

只能用that的情形

a.当先行词为 all,much,anything, something, nothing,everything, little,none 等不定代

词,或先行词被all,any,every等不定代词修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。

例如:

①That'a all(that I ask for).

【译文】这就是我要的一切。

②Is there anything(that I can do for you) ?

【译文】我可以为您效劳吗?

③Every tearo(that intends to participate in the contest) is to submit a fee

of 2000.

【译文】每一个意欲参加比赛的队伍都应该缴纳两千元的费用。

b.先行词被形容词最髙级修饰,或被the only,the first,the last,the next,the

very等修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。

例如:   ①He eats the finest food(that is available).

【译文】他吃的是所提供的最精美的食物。

②The first case of bird flu( that was reported in Thailand) captured the

attention of officials with WHO.

【译文】泰闰报道的例禽流感引起了世界卫生组织官员们的注意。

③This is the very book(that I have been hunting for a long time).

【译文】这就是我长期以来一直寻找的那本书。

c.先行词既包括人,又包括物时。

例如:

①He is always talking brilliantly of the book and author(that interested

him)

【译文】他对那本书及其作者很感兴趣,总是兴高采烈地谈论着他们。

② We were deeply impressed by the school and its teachers (that we had

visited there).

【译文】我们访问的学校和老师给我们留下了深刻的印象。

(5)只能用which的情形

a.用于介词之后(可参见A例句3)。

b.用于非限制定语从句中。

新概念英语第一册语法知识点:名词性从句

名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,

它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

分类

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:

连词(5个):that (本身无意义。引导单一的宾语从句时that常可省略,但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略)

whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)

as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”)

以上在从句中均不充当任何成分

连接代词(10个):what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose,whosever,

which, whichever

连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however

不可省略的连词:

1. 介词后的连词。

2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.

We heard the news that our team had won.

3. 在从句中做成分的连词.

比较

whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,只可用whether:

1. whether引导主语从句并在句首。

eg:Whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic.

2. 引导表语从句。

eg:The question is whether we can get in touch with her.

3. whether从句作介词宾语。

eg:I am thinking about whether I should quit my present job.

4.if与whether都可以与or not 连用,但后面紧跟or not 时只能用whether。

We didn't know whether or not she was ready.(此时只能用whether)

I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.(此时则二者都可以用)

5.后面直接跟动词不定式时。

6.引导同位语从句时。


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